Business strategy case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business strategy analysis - Case Study Example A BETA format video recorder was manufactured and produced by many companies like Sanyo, Toshiba etc. But this technology was going to meet a violent end. It was a hit in its introducing year since Sony went ahead to produce a Beta format home video system and Sanyo was producing the top selling beta format video recorder. Beta grabbed one-third of the UK market in 1975. Sony was in an agreement with JVC and the two companies had signed a deal formerly, to produce U-Mat technology and this deal was known as the U-Matic deal. Sony had taken one wrong step during this deal since they were too arrogant and aggressive enough to take most of the credit for the technology in the market. Thus, JVC had a grudge against Sony for this unfair treatment. When Sony produced Betamax they were still in a deal with JVC and once again Sony made the mistake of not accepting JVC's advice on replacing Betamax with JVC's new find which was better in all aspects, "Video Home System" (VHS) technology. Sony was once again to arrogant to accept the advice from JVC and they paid a price for it. JVC launched VHS in 1976 and this format swarmed the market. By 1980, VHS had a 70% market share in North America. By 1984, all strategic companies started to produce VHS format video recorders. Everyone adopted this new and better technology. But there are specific reasons to why Betamax failed due to Sony's bad strategy management. (SJ. Liebowitz, Stephen E. Margolis; 1996) Sony's strategy had flaws and the major flaw was that they had not conducted a proper market research about what the customer really wants. Sony had a wrong perception about what the customers really wanted. They believed the customers would go for the high quality of recording and not the length of the recording. VHS could record up to 4hrs of video whereas; Beta could record up to 3hrs and 35minutes. Customers wanted greater length and not quality of the video. So, VHS sold more and became a HIT! Beta was a high quality video format so the costs involved were high compared to VHS; therefore, the retail price for Beta was higher than that of VHS. This market is price sensitive and Sony took another wrong decision. Sony should have taken informed decisions in the market to avoid the embarrassment and the failure of their baby product that died in its infant stages. Sony could have both gracefully let go of Beta and taken JVC's advice to adopt VHS technology. But the company should have had conducted a market research to know the consumer demands. This would have saved them from making uninformed decisions that were a fatal risk and ended in a failure. Otherwise Sony could have marketed Beta with a different approach by targeting the right market. They could have targeted their product to a niche market that preferred quality over quantity. This way VHS and Beta would be competing in two different markets since VHS was mass marketed. BLU-RAY and HD-DVD BLU-RAY and HD-DVD (High Definition) are the latest buzz in the video format market but history is repeating itself since once again the two formats are in a war to gain the highest market share. BLU-RAY is considered to be more superior to HD-DVD because RAY can record two hours of digital HD (high definition) video and thirteen hours of SD video. HD-DVD has 40% less storage capacity comparatively. Sony's BLU-RAY or Toshiba's HD-DVD need

The Darwinian revolution challenged Essay Example for Free

The Darwinian revolution challenged Essay Define evolution broadly and then give a narrower definition, as discussed in the overview. Evolution: Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation Concept 22.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged the traditional view of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species This section takes a look at the historical setting and influences on Darwin, and it sets the stage for our formal study of evolution. How did each of the following sources view the origin of species? Aristotle and Scala Naturae: Aristotle viewed species as fixed. Through his observations of nature, Aristotle recognized â€Å"affinities† among organisms. He concluded that life-forms could be arranged on a ladder, or scale, of increasing complexity, called the scala naturae. Each form, perfect and permanent, had its allotted rung on this ladder. The Old Testament: The Old Testament holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect. Carolus Linnaeus: Linnaeus adopted a nested classification system, grouping similar species into increasingly general categories. Linnaeus, adhering to the Old Testament belief that all species were designed by God, did not ascribe the resemblances among species to evolutionary kinship, but rather to the pattern of their creation. Explain the role of fossils in rock strata as a window to life in earlier times. Many fossils are found in sedimentary rocks formed from the sand and mud that settle to the bottom of seas, lakes, swamps, and other aquatic habitats. New layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layers of rock called strata. The fossils in particular strata provide a glimpse of some of the organisms that populated Earth at the time that the layer formed. How would Georges Cuvier have explained the appearance of the record of life shown in the rock strata? Cuvier opposed the idea of evolution. He advocated catastrophism, the principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present. Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cuvier speculated that each boundary between strata represented a catastrophe, such as a flood, that had destroyed many of the species living at that time. James Hutton and Charles Lyell were geologists whose ideas strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking. What were the ideas each of them contributed? James Hutton : Hutton proposed that Earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today, such as valley formed by rivers. Charles Lyell: Lyell incorporated Hutton’s thinking into his principle of uniformitarianism, which states that mechanisms of change are constant over time. Lyell proposed that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate. What is the importance of the principle of uniformitarianism? If geologic change results from slow, continuous actions rather than from sudden events, then Earth must be much older than the widely accepted age of a few thousand years. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck proposed a mechanism for how life changes over time. Explain the two principles of his mechanism. use and disuse: The idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate. inheritance of acquired characteristics: This idea states that an organism could pass these modifications of use and disuse to its offspring. Although Lamarck’s mechanism of evolution does not explain the changes in species over time, his thinking has been influential. What is considered to be the great importance of his ideas? Lamarck recognized that the match of organisms to their environments can be explained by gradual evolutionary change rather than special creation. Concept 22.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life Charles Darwin proposed that the mechanism of evolution is natural selection and that it explains how adaptations arise. What are adaptations? Give two examples of adaptations. Adaptations are inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments. Possible examples include the mottled coloration of a fawn that allows it to blend with its environment, or the sharp talons and beaks of birds of prey so well suited for predation. Explain the process of natural selection. In the process of natural selection, individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Let’s try to summarize Darwin’s observations that drive changes in species over time: Observation 1. Variations in traits exist. Cite an Example Variation in color and spot pattern of Asian ladybird beetles 2. These variations (traits) are heritable. Variation in closely related species of elephants; offspring resemble close relatives more than other members of a population. 3. Species overproduce. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds. 4. There is competition for resources; not all offspring survive. Not all dandelion seeds germinate or survive to maturity From these four observations, what two inferences did Darwin make? 1. Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. 2. The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations. It is important to remember that differences in heritable traits can lead to differential reproductive success. This means that the individuals who have the necessary traits to promote survival in the current environment will leave the most offspring. How can this differential reproductive success affect the match between organisms and their environment? When such advantages increase the number of offspring that survive and reproduce, the traits that are favored will likely appear at a greater frequency in the next generation. To demonstrate your understanding of this section, complete the following sentences: Individuals do not evolve. Populations evolve. Now, take out your highlighter and mark the information in the box above. Hold these ideas firmly in your brain! Finally, if you are ever asked to explain Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (a common AP essay question), do not pull out the phrase â€Å"survival of the fittest.† Instead, cite the points made in question 11 and explain the inferences that are drawn from them. Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 22.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence 15. Use Figure 22.13 in your text to explain how research with soapberry bugs demonstrated observable evolutionary change. Museum specimens showed that the average beak length of soapberry bugs was comparable to that of soapberry bugs feeding on native species in southern Florida. However, contemporary data suggest that a change in the size of the soapberry bug’s food source, as seen with the introduction of the goldenrain tree, can result in evolution by natural selection for matching beak size. MRSA is in the news today because it is becoming increasingly more common. What is it? MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a flesh-eating strain How did it become so dangerous? Explain the evolution of MRSA’s resistance to methicillin. MRSA became dangerous because, over time, doctors used a variety of antibiotics, such as penicillin, to combat MRSA. Each time a new antibiotic was used to fight the disease, some S. aureus populations would develop resistance to the new drug. In 1959, doctors used the powerful antibiotic methicillin. Members of the S. aureus population that were resistant to methicillin reproduced at higher rates, leading to the spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Do antibiotics cause bacteria to become resistant? Explain your response. No. A drug does not create resistant pathogens; it selects for resistant individuals that are already present in the population. Let’s make a list of the four evidences for evolution that are described in this concept. Give an example of each. Evidence for Evolution Example Direct observations of evolutionary change Homology Possible examples include the evolution of MRSA or the change in beak size in soapberry bugs. Possible examples include the similarities between mammalian forelimbs. Possible examples include fossils that show ancestors of cetaceans had hind limbs. Possible examples include the creation of the evolutionary tree of horses, based on fossil locations. Fossil record Biogeography How does the fossil record give evidence for evolution? The fossil record documents the pattern of evolution, showing that past organisms differed from present-day organisms and that many species have become extinct. Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What is meant by each of the following terms? Give an example of each. Term Homologous structures Vestigial structures Analogous structures (see p. 465) Explanation/Example Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. For example, mammalian forelimbs. A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism’s ancestors. For example, skeletons of some snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and leg bones. Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology. For example, the wing of a butterfly and wing of a bat both make flight possible. How do homologous structures give evidence for evolution? Homologous structures represent variations on a structural theme that was present in the common ancestors of a species. What is summarized in an evolutionary tree? An evolutionary tree reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. Figure 22.17 in your text shows an evolutionary tree. What is indicated by each branch point in the following figure? Mark each branch point. Each branch point represents the common ancestors of the lineage beginning there and to the right of it. Refer to Figure 22.17 on page 464. What is indicated by the hatch marks in Figure 22.17? A hatch mark represents a homologous characteristic shared by all the groups to the right of the mark. Use the tree in question 24 to answer this question: Are crocodiles more closely related to lizards or to birds? Explain your response. Based on this evolutionary tree, crocodiles are more closely related to birds than to lizards because they share a more common ancestor with the birds than with lizards. On the evolutionary tree, label the vertical lines to the right, and annotate the key feature that marks each group. See page 464 of your text for the labeled figure. Organisms that are only distantly related can resemble each other. Explain convergent evolution, and describe how analogous structures can arise. Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages. In such examples as the marsupials of Australia, in which species share features because of convergent evolution, the resemblance is said to be analogous. Analogous features share similar function, but not common ancestry. Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Convergent evolution might be summarized like this: Similar problem, similar solution. Can you give two examples of convergent evolution? Answers will vary but may include the sugar glider and the flying squirrel, and the evolution of wings in birds and bats. Study Tip Homologous structures show evidence of relatedness (whale fin, bat wing). Analogous structures are similar solutions to similar problems but do not indicate close relatedness (bird wing, butterfly wing). What is biogeography? How is it affected by continental drift and the presence of endemic species? Biogeography is the geographic distribution of species. The geographic distribution of organisms is influenced by many factors, including continental drift, the slow movement of Earth’s movement over time, and the presence of endemic species, species that are found nowhere else in the world. Let’s wrap up all of these ideas with a final summary. ORGANIZE YOUR THOUGHTS Evolution is change in species over time. Heritable variations exist within a population. These variations can result in differential reproductive success. Over generations, this can result in changes in the genetic composition of the population. And remember: Individuals do not evolve! Populations evolve. Test Your Understanding Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here: 1. b Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Willy as Pathetic Hero in Death of a Salesman Essays -- Death Salesman

Wily as Pathetic Hero in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arthur Miller succeeds in demonstrating incredibly well in Death of a Salesman that not only is tragic heroism still possible in the modern world, but that it is also an affliction to which both king and commoner are equally susceptible.   However, Wily Loman is not a tragic hero because he is pathetic, not heroic, in his personal "tragedy" that comes from his inability to admit his mistakes and learn from them.   Instead, he fits Miller's description of pathos and the pathetic character, one who "by virtue of his witlessness, his insensitivity, or the very air he gives off, [is] incapable of grappling with a much superior force," (Miller   1728).    The tragic right to Arthur Miller is a condition of life that enables an individual to travel the route to self-realization and allows one to blossom to the fullest extent of his or her capabilities.   This learning only occurs when the individual has courageously and unblinkingly "shaken"   and undergone the "total examination of the 'unchangeable' environment" (Miller   1727).   From this examination often comes the fear and terror associated with tragedy, as the individual is confronted with his own impression of his 'rightful dignity' in society (who and what he thinks he is) as opposed to the dignity afforded him by society-at-large.  Ã‚   Only the tragically heroic are ready to die to secure this personal dignity, one that imbues them with heroism because   of their "unwillingness to remain passive in the face of what [they] conceive to be a challenge to [their] dignity, [their] image of [their] rightful status," (Miller   1726).  Ã‚   Thus, one is only flawless if they remain passive in the midst of this common-among-all-human-be... ...n debarred from such thoughts or such actions," (Miller 1727).   Therefore, Willy is his own enemy because his unwillingness to change his behavior and thinking keeps him entrapped in a system of values that prevent him from ever being free.   This makes him pathetic and tragic, not heroic and tragic, because the tragic hero rejects any system that prevents the freedom of love and creativity in the self, even if it is a system he himself has adopted.   This is possible for the common man, but Willy is a common man, who, by standing in his own path of development, cannot achieve it.    Works Cited Corrigan, R.W. (ed.)   Arthur Miller:   A Collection Of Critical Essays.   Prentice-Hall, NJ:   1969. Miller, A.   "Tragedy and the Common Man."   Criticism On Drama.   1949:   pp. 1726-1728. Moss, L.   Arthur Miller.   Twayne Publishers, Inc., NY:   1967. Willy as Pathetic Hero in Death of a Salesman Essays -- Death Salesman Wily as Pathetic Hero in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arthur Miller succeeds in demonstrating incredibly well in Death of a Salesman that not only is tragic heroism still possible in the modern world, but that it is also an affliction to which both king and commoner are equally susceptible.   However, Wily Loman is not a tragic hero because he is pathetic, not heroic, in his personal "tragedy" that comes from his inability to admit his mistakes and learn from them.   Instead, he fits Miller's description of pathos and the pathetic character, one who "by virtue of his witlessness, his insensitivity, or the very air he gives off, [is] incapable of grappling with a much superior force," (Miller   1728).    The tragic right to Arthur Miller is a condition of life that enables an individual to travel the route to self-realization and allows one to blossom to the fullest extent of his or her capabilities.   This learning only occurs when the individual has courageously and unblinkingly "shaken"   and undergone the "total examination of the 'unchangeable' environment" (Miller   1727).   From this examination often comes the fear and terror associated with tragedy, as the individual is confronted with his own impression of his 'rightful dignity' in society (who and what he thinks he is) as opposed to the dignity afforded him by society-at-large.  Ã‚   Only the tragically heroic are ready to die to secure this personal dignity, one that imbues them with heroism because   of their "unwillingness to remain passive in the face of what [they] conceive to be a challenge to [their] dignity, [their] image of [their] rightful status," (Miller   1726).  Ã‚   Thus, one is only flawless if they remain passive in the midst of this common-among-all-human-be... ...n debarred from such thoughts or such actions," (Miller 1727).   Therefore, Willy is his own enemy because his unwillingness to change his behavior and thinking keeps him entrapped in a system of values that prevent him from ever being free.   This makes him pathetic and tragic, not heroic and tragic, because the tragic hero rejects any system that prevents the freedom of love and creativity in the self, even if it is a system he himself has adopted.   This is possible for the common man, but Willy is a common man, who, by standing in his own path of development, cannot achieve it.    Works Cited Corrigan, R.W. (ed.)   Arthur Miller:   A Collection Of Critical Essays.   Prentice-Hall, NJ:   1969. Miller, A.   "Tragedy and the Common Man."   Criticism On Drama.   1949:   pp. 1726-1728. Moss, L.   Arthur Miller.   Twayne Publishers, Inc., NY:   1967.

Essays --

some lawsuits to go forward against the government is limited for policy reasons. This is because these suits may hold the government responsible for too many misfortunes, or prevent the government of agency from engaging in certain duties without the threat of exorbitant financial responsibility. The second prong of the Anns test thus prevents the government from becoming an insurer of all potential harm which the government is found to have a proximate relationship to. The test set forth in Anns is important to understand when discussing Cooper v. Hobart, which was adopted as the test for the duty of care for the government and its agencies after Kamloops v. Nielson. This is because Cooper v. Hobart is the case which is said to have redefined Anns into the current standard, the Cooper-Anns test. Facts of Cooper v. Hobart Cooper v. Hobart is a case involving the Registrar of Mortgage Brokers, a statutory regulator of mortgage licenses. In the case, Eron Mortgage Corporation was a mortgage broker as defined by the Mortgage Broker’s Act. â€Å"Eron acted as a mortgage broker for large syndicated loans. It arranged for numerous lenders (or investors) to pool their funds for the purpose of making a single loan to a borrower, which was typically a developer of commercial real estate. The syndicated loans were made in the name of Eron or one of its related companies, which held the security in a trust for the investors. Cooper, an investor, had advanced money to Eron. Hobart, in his official capacity as Mortgage Broker Registrar, suspended Eron’s mortgage broker’s license in October of 1997 because Eron was allegedly using the funds of their investors for unauthorized purposes. Shortly after the suspension of its license, Eron we... ...tending the current duty of care to a new duty of care, there were policy reason to find that there was not a proximate enough relationship between Cooper and the Registrar to establish a duty of care. The Registrar’s duties under the statute did not give rise to a duty of care to the plaintiff. However, as the new Cooper-Anns test includes the considerations of policy at both stages of the analysis, one can assume that if policy reasons are in favor of recognizing a new duty of care, the court will, in fact, recognize it. There is a question of whether the court should have recognized a new duty of care in Cooper v. Hobart. In the Hobart case, the statute did not establish a duty of care to the plaintiffs/investors. Furthermore, the Registrar owes a duty to act in the interest of the public at large which may at time have competing interests with investors.

Workplace Security Essentials: A Guide for Helping Organizations Create Safe Work Environments Essay

MEMO Introduction                   This is to address the need of workplace surveillance for the benefit of both the employees and the employer. It is an important practice because it helps to prevent and reduces cases of theft, and also to monitor what the employees are engaging in during working hours. This is not any way targeting to infringe the employees’ rights of privacy. Video filming for surveillance will be done at sensitive departments only as allowed by the law and such areas include entrance and exits. Controversies                   The issue of workplace surveillance has raised controversies in the implementation because of the different interests of the employers and employees. Most of the employees are always not in agreement with the surveillance measures taken at their work place (Smith, 2010). These employees argue that surveillance has a negative effect on their productivity as it denies them freedom to work without fear of being watched. However, employers believe that surveillance is important as it keeps employees focused and more productive. It also reduces theft cases, which is beneficial to both the employer and the employees. Legislation                   Employees should enjoy some privacy rights at their workplace despite the presence surveillance by the employer (Stam, 2013). There are some places within the workplaces that employees cannot be monitored. Example of areas where surveillance cannot be done include the toilets and the changing rooms. If this legislation is not respected then the employees should sue the company for privacy rights infringement. Future Direction                   It is both important to have workplace surveillance and also give the employees their privacy rights as stipulated by the law. The company should in future harmonize the employees privacy needs with the need for surveillance in order to create a good working environment that serves both their interests. It is important for the company to monitor business communication to ensure that employees are doing the right thing (Staples, 2011). At the same time employees should enjoy their privacy at social places such as the tea room for their own talks out of the work area. Harmonizing the employer and employee needs, will create a better working environment. This increases the employers trust and makes the employees more productive due to job satisfaction References Smith, E. (2010). Workplace Security Essentials: A Guide for Helping Organizations Create Safe Work Environments. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. Stam, K. (2013). The Visible Employee: Using Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance to Protect Information Assets-Without Compromising Employee Privacy or Trust . New York: Information Inc. Staples, W. (2011). Everyday Surveillance: Vigilance and Visibility in Postmodern Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Source document

Suicides Essays - Depression, Abnormal Psychology, Bipolar Spectrum

Suicides Essays - Depression, Abnormal Psychology, Bipolar Spectrum Suicides Ricky Medina Intro. to Biology Report # 3 Twenty-six Israeli suicidal patients, twenty-four non-suicidal patients and twenty-four control aptients completed tests on different suicidal tendencies. Suicidal adolescents showed more negative responses that did either the non-suicidal adolescents or the control patients. Furthermore compared to the other two groups, the suicidal adolescents showed less complex self-attributes and a higher tendency to have a low self-esteem. Results were discussed and it was found that suicidal adolescents were unevenly processing information or stimuli which was causing confusion which led to their suicidal tendencies. Orbach, Isreal, Mario Mikulineer, Daniel Stein, and Orit Cohen, Self-representation of Suicidal Adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1996. Vol. No.3 435-439.Ricky Medina Intro. to Biology Report # 4 Researchers used multiple measures of irrationability and compared the reactions of never-depressed controls (ND) with people who had recovered from major depression. The ND studies revealed that they didn't exceed in errationality and negative mood in specific situations. The people who were recovered from depression did show that when there were other variables their attitude did change faster than those who had never suffered from depression. They concluded that recovered depressed people weren't able to handle being under different situations when they had to control there rational way of life. Brody, Cindy, David A.F. Haaga, Ari Solomon, Lindsey Kirk, and Dara G. Friedman 1998. Priming Irational Beliefs in Recovered-Depressed People. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. No.3 440-449Ricky Medina Intro. to Biology Report # 5 In 1989, the National Institute of mental health (NIMH) completed the most careful study comparing the success rates of psychotherapy versus antidepressant drug therapy in the treatment of cases of major depression. Patients with major depression were assigned a random for 16 weeks to one of four treatments: an antidepressant drug which was imipramine, a placebo pill, interpersonal therapy, of cognitive behavioral therapy. The interpersonal therapy focused on the depressed persons relationships with other people. The findings of the study were surprising. For the less depressed people all four treatments were equally successful. For the Severely depressed people however, the antidepressant drug therapy was highly success ful. 76% improved on the drug nad only 18% on the placebo. After this study NIMH issued a warning it concluded that only 16 weeks of psychotherapy or the drug therapy for depression was sufficient since it resulted in very high relapse rates. Mackel, Donald, William Holder, and Larry Kvols. Psychotherapy or Pharmcotherapy? Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol.5. No. 6, 489-495 Mackel, Donald, William Holder, and Larry Kvois, Psychotherapy or Pharmacotherapy? Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Vol. No.6 489-495.Ricky Medina Intro. to Biology report #2 3,450 patients who were diagnosed with either depression, anxiety, or stress syndromes completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). 3 to 8 years later the same patients took the DASS again. Each time the second test scores were the asme as the test scores from the first test. The stability of the patients suffering from at least one of the three syndromes did not vary over the interval of the two test. The results support the stability of depression, anxiety and stress, and draw attention to the distinction between the three different syndromes. These results were interpreted to mean that there is existence of vulnerabilities in the three syndromes, over and beyond the general vulnerability to emotional distress. Lovebond, Peter F. Long-Term Stability of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Syndromes, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1998, Vol. 107, No. 3, 520-526

buy custom File Marshal essay

buy custom File Marshal essay This digital forensic tool is used to automatically detect, extract, and analyze data related to peer-to-peer hard disk applications/ soft ware on machines of clients. This tool is very important because it automates the time consuming and tedious process of finding evidence of peer-to peer usage. File Marshal does its work in a forensically valid manner, presenting them in a form that is easy to read on screen and in a format which is easily integrated in a report. Its extensible, modular designs make it even possible to include extensions of new kinds of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks of clients (Adelstein Joyce, 2007). This is considered the most important technology because the use of its ability to rapidly determine the P2P clients present on a disk image and gives those clients per-user information, including peer servers, downloaded files and shared files. File Marshal is made up of two components, that is, the graphical user interface known as front-end and secondly the command line based back-end. The front-end serves by mediating connections with the investigator and ensures that the data is formatted. On the other hand, the back-end is used to search the file system for files and directions other than additionally interpreting registry files contents. P2P Marshal Operations Phases According to Adelstein (2009), the File Marshal has three operational phases which are discharged by mounting it on a disk image. Through invoking the File Marshal, an investigator generates an inquiry, and commences the analysis using the following phases: discovery, acquisition and analysis. At the end of the process, the final task is normally a report. The Discovery Phase In this phase, the P2P Marshal observes the target disk and image and establishes the current or previously installed p2p clients. This check is accomplished by p2p Marshal looking for the availability of directories, files, and registry values and keys. Consequently the configuration file identifies the artifacts that show whether a given client was installed. Occasionally, the programs could have been deleted but the data directory stays (Adelstein Joyce, 2007). Additionally, even if the user uninstalls the P2P client, the user preferences registry keys may remain or continue to reside in the generated registrys backup versions when the operating system makes a check point for system restore. Files in this phase are identified by a pathname. Similarly, they can be indentified by a hush (presently MD5, although it can support others). The registry entries can entail values, (sub) keys and their data. Acquisition Phase Through this phase, File Marshal collects information usage information for particular P2P clients, in other words, the information gathered is user -specific. File Marshal collects log and configuration information for each user including downloaded or shared files, bootstrap or peer servers contacted and other data that is forensically relevant, maintained by particular P2P client. Once more, specific files are distinct in the configuration file. When special code is needed for displaying a file, for example, for decoding a date format or hash list, the configuration file displays the Java classes to be utilized for parsing. There can be a creation of new parsers as required using a straightforward/simple API (Malvakian, 2009). Analysis Phase The analysis face entails File Marshal displaying the gathered information and then allowing an investigator to observe details like files contents and sort data by a variety of fields among them last date last made contact with, servers IP number among others. Downloaded files can be viewed by investigators through launching of suitable viewers, like using Photoshop incase of an image, Firefox in the case of HTML, Acrobat in the case of PDF and so on, and show details on log entries and configuration . They can also search for files depending on hashes or a group of hashes for instance from databases such as NISTs National Software Reference Library (NSRL) or the National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (Carrier, 2007). Logging and Generation of Report All operations performed by File Marshal are logged by it. The log file gives very in-depth information of low-level concerning the actions that were performed hence upholding the investigations forensic integrity. The log file gives details concerning the invoking of the back-end tool and any error or return codes. Farid (2008) is however categorical that the audit log is not easily readable by individuals but rather to enable investigators validate exactly what actions were performed and what was not done in the investigation and would be suitable to be added as an appendix in the final report. File Marshal produces a synopsis report of the findings of the report in a format that can be incorporated in the report of the investigator. The file formats that can be supported initially include PDF and HTML for easy inserting of File Marshal reports into a bigger forensic report. As a way of sustaining the forensic integrity, the out from the back-end tool are automatically hashed by File Marshal other having an additional ability of computing the hash of any obtained file. Given that the investigator uses static file system, the tool usedto initially image the disk might have already computed these files hashes (John, 2009). This further strengthens the investigations forensic integrity as the File Marshals computed hashes substantiates the data it gets with imaging tools data. File Marshal enables investigators to search for a range of usage-specific entries. They include file names, peer servers DNS names, and IP addresses and file hashes such as SHA-1, MDS and so on. For example if investigators wish for tracing all contacts with a specific server, the search tool could retrieve all contacts despite of the clients or P2P clients used. During the discovery phase, File Marshal searches for artifacts demonstrating that P2p program has been used or installed. One of the examined artifacts is the registry (Hirst, 2007). Although due to the fact that File marshal conducts static registry files, offline analysis, there is dismal support for recovering values and keys from a file (contrary to the running systems registry). The variations between majorities of P2P client program are usually limited to the file paths they make use of and the informations format in cache, log and configuration files. File marshal employs a configuration file to identify the specific details of P2p client. Addition of support for new client calls for creation of a new configuration file to illustrate the new client, and probably adding a plug-in or module to the user interface to show any information that is exceptional to the new client. This enables File Marshal to be straightforwardly extensible to sustain new P2P clients that are unconstrained (Adelstein, 2009). The configuration file is normally in the form of XML and is made up if three sections, that is, client data, installation artifacts and lastly usage artifacts. The first section, the client data, is made up of details concerning the p2p client, entailing its version and name, and the name of the module which is charged with displaying information concerning this client. The second section identifies installation artifacts like registry keys, files and directories, which show whether the client is on or has been set up on the system. These directories and files are precise by path. Additionally, files can contain an MD5 has characteristic to match the files content other than its name, and a version characteristic to demonstrate that the file is a binary for a particular version of the client. This surpasses the version information in the section of client data. When all entries in the installation artifacts match, it is described by the File Marshal as full installation (Adelstein Joyce, 2007). Correspondingly, when only some entries match, it is expressed as partial installation. On the other hand, if none matches, there will e no information displayed by the File Marshal on the client. Nevertheless, the report entails a list of all clients that were searched by File Marshal. Thirdly the section identifies usage artifacts that entail four different kinds of files that is, log, config, cache, and shared (Steight, 2010). Log files have information concerning the manner in which the program was run, for instance the used search terms. On the other hand, configuration files describe how the client is installed, and may also indicate the location of log files. Cache files keep temporary results like the kinds of peer servers that have been used or the files already obtained. Lastly, shared folders store downloaded and shared files. File Marshal differentiates downloaded and shared files, if the P2P does. Features of P2P Marshal The tool has many important features that make it the best choice for forensic investigations. First of all as already talked about, P2P executes all tasks in a forensically sound way, making it no doubt the best invention ever. The second characteristic f this tool is its ability to give full analysis for LimeWire, BitTorrent, among others. Chao (2010) adds that it also decreases customizable reports in PDF, CSV, HTML, and RTF other than identifying and showing download locations. Lastly, P2P Marshal gives search capabilities that are extensive. Important Purposes the new Tool Serves The celebrated tool, File Marshal has even more advantages that makes it the most important invention ever to be made for the period of the last five years because what is more to it is that it has been made available on USB since 2009 (developed by ATC-NY). It is one of kind file detection software based on USB and documentation of evidence by an investigator can commence immediately on network devices and computer hard drives (Adelste, 2009). Contrary as to what was the case before, with this new tool, there is no need of carrying a laptop to the crime scene or physically disconnecting the machine or computer from their network. This has enhanced speed of carrying out forensic investigations to make them even faster. Due to this fact, the tool is very portable with a high ability to fully analyze LimeWire, Azereus and uTorrent, analyze the usage of peer -to- peer network and lastly detect and indicate default download positions for Kazaa, Google Hello and Ares. P2P Marshal latest technology is meant to achieve many positive results in as far as forensic investigation is concerned. As already described above, this new tool is a subject to best practices of forensics and sustains a comprehensive log file of all tasks it performs. To make it evven more appealing, its design makes it fully extensible to sustain new P2P networks and clients. In the wake of increased cyber crimes, the tool is just what the field needs to help restore security in digital devices. The tool has wide-ranging search abilities and generates reports in formats such as HTML, RTF, CSV and PDF and runs on operating systems that are Windows-based. This comes with a greater meaning for crime scene investigators because it generates more room in the field kit to accommodate other important tools for investigation. Due to the changing nature of cybercrimes, there is also a need for investigators to change tactics and come along with more tools for investigation that are not necessarily as obvious to the human eye such as the traditional laptop (Adelstein Joyce, 2007). The ability to plug into any free USB port both on computers while at the crime scene and those ones back at the lab makes it will free all the time hence increasing its user friendliness and convenience. P2P Marshal has made the forensic investigations that could take ages to take a shorter time than expected. Forensic Edition is the softwares lone version, it is set up and run on workstation of the investigator to analyze an accumulate disk image. Postings on ATC-NYs website/ press release, indicates P2P Marshal are presently being used by law enforcers to investigate cyber crimes from many corners of the world. International, federal, state and local investigators prefer this tool over many others to dispense their duties. Devoid of automated tools, the work of forensic investigators to obtain evidence of unlawful file sharing and circulation is time consuming and manually intensive. Hence they found a solution in P2P Marshal that offers a solution to problem. It has to a great extent helped them to reduce time needed for the analysis practice (Liu et al, 2010). How much time is saved? The question that remains to be answered is the amount of time that USD based File Marshal saves. Computer hard drives gathered by law enforcers in a variety of searches in homes of suspects present a virtual fortune trove of evidence for qualified forensic investigators. I most cases, it takes many hours or even days to manually search every single hard drive for p2p file sharings evidence especially when the investigators backlog keeps on to increasing (John, 2009). Conversely employing P2P Marshal Tool will use only minutes to disclose the information of the same magnitude (Malvakian, 2009). A lot of time that will be saved by using P2P Marshal for data farming can be unswervingly translated into other aspects of the investigation. For instance, it will facilitate the leads that would have been latent for many days to be immediately obtained. Additionally, investigators have an added advantage as the rapid process of analysis gives offenders little for cover-up while enabling for quick action by the relevant authorities. The tool is accessible for any law enforcing agency because of its ability for civil application. However all users have to submit their contact information for the purposes of registration. Law enforcers can now easily locate cyber crime offenders who engage in not only tailing copyright materials like music and sharing of other p2p files but also most outstandingly child pornography sharing. This tool not only saves time but also goes to a large extent of helping the investigators to attest relations between individuals and assist departments increase investigations (Steight, 2010). Conclusion Digital Forensics has been widely applied by law enforcers to obtain digital evidence from cyber crimes. Today, the expansion of Information Communication Technology on a global scale has facilitated an increased number of individuals accessing the internet and other digital materials such as mobile phones, digital cameras, computers among others. Consequently, the cases of cyber crimes have increased tremendously over the last decade. Digital Forensic, defined as the practice of putting to use technical methods and techniques/tools that have been scientifically derived and proven, to collect, validate, identify, analyze, interpret, document and present after the fact digital data obtained from digital sources with a view of furthering or facilitating the rebuilding of events as a forensic evidence, has been there to offer solution to this problem. However, the nature and number of cybercrimes committed in the recent past called for development of tools to analyze them in a way that was more efficient and rapid enough to prevent the offenders form clearing the evidence and covering up. This coupled with many reasons known to the forensic crime investigators saw the development of File Marshal (Hirst, 2009). This tool is very suitable for obtaining forensic evidence through evaluating p2p handling on file structure. It does this by automatically identifying the kinds of p2p client programs, or those that were available. It then takes out log information and configuration and presents the investigator with the shared files. The availability of P2P Marshal on USB has made this tool enormously portable replacing the necessity of having a laptop or a computer at the scene of the crime. It allows criminal investigation to commence evidence recording on network devices and computer hard disks right away. This tool has many advantages to the investigator and is viewed by many s the most important technology in Digital Forensics to be ever invented. Buy custom File Marshal essay

Illegal Immigration †Current Issues

Illegal Immigration – Current Issues Free Online Research Papers When a person takes the time to ask an illegal immigrant why he or she came to America in the first place, the most frequent answer you will get is they need a job to support their vastly large families. They will say there are no jobs were they came from or even if they can get a job that pays well the government will take most of their earnings leaving them in the same predicament with no way to support their families. They hear about jobs and the opportunities of America and come running hoping to get the privilege of being able to take care of their family. Illegal immigration is a growing problem in the United States the government needs to take necessary action to help stop the over flowing illegal immigrants and decrease the percent of job taken from unemployed American citizens by illegal immigrants. Many immigrants come to America illegally in hopes to find a better job than one they could get in their native country. They will take any job that could ever be conjured up just as long as they get some money for the work. They do not care how hard the work is, where as a citizen won’t take the job because the work is too grueling. The American citizen will sit at home all day saying he or she wants a job but there is not any out there. Well the truth is the aliens are coming over and taking them because the citizens won’t stand up and do the hard work. What are these jobs that Americans will not do? Do they exist? Or are they a figment of the business communitys imagination? It turns out that their claims are largely true- there are plenty of jobs Americans avoid. Lets take a tour of them. Americans shun pretty much any unskilled labor that requires them to get their hands dirty: landscaping, entry-level construction, picking fruits and vegetables (Reuters reports that up to 70 percent of U.S. farm workers are estimated to be undocumented, totaling about 500,000 people), cleaning hotel rooms, busing tables, and prep cooking in urban restaurants. (Dirty Work Daniel Gross) I don’t feel a bit sorry for these people that do not want to do any work, the ones my heart truly breaks for are the men and women that want to work and how hard the work is never crosses their minds. These people are the ones that the aliens are taking the jobs from them because they are cheaper. Labor experts said there is a bias among many employers who view immigrants as harder workers, willing to accept lower wages and fewer benefits and less likely to unionize or complain. (USBC U.S. Border Control 2007) It is these families who must do without because they are replaced by cheap labor. Jobs that will only pay from three to four dollars an hour are passed up by American citizens every day because it won’t help them get ahead in any way. A citizen must be paid at-least minimum wage or the employer will get into a lot of trouble with the government. Minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily or monthly wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers. Many minimum wage laws have been passed in the United States. (Google Minimum Wage Definition 2007) If the employer tries to get an American to work for less then minimum wages they might as well be asking the dirt to sweep itself off the floor. But the employer happens to come across an alien that doesn’t know anything about minimum wage laws then they could get them to work and don’t have to worry about breaking the bank. Also there are no laws any where that say an illegal immigrant has to be paid minimum wage. A lot of times when the parents can’t find a job good enough to support the family the children are reduced to begging on the streets for anything they can get. A father with hungry children and no job prospect at home doesn’t need the bright lights of Disney Land to temp him to come over the border. Most illegal immigrants only want the opportunity to feed their families. And NO FENCE across ANY border will discourage a loving father from climbing over when such conditions exist at home. (CIS Fathers Love 2007) They hear about the land of great opportunities, plenty of jobs, new beginnings, and pay that is more an hour then what some could make in a whole days work. So in hopes of getting their babies off of the streets they will come running for fresh new starts with good fortune on the horizon. They also know that if the government has no knowledge about their existence in the United States then they won’t have to pay taxes which to them says more money to keep and support their families. The immigrants that come over from Mexico are fleeing from the mob that controls all the towns, which takes almost all the money the people make. In addition, said Mena Ortega, There were several attempts made by my secretary to ask the Federal Police and the General Prosecutors office of Mexico City to get in contact with me. In her statement, a copy of which was obtained by EL UNIVERSAL, Mena Ortega said she herself had to flee the scene of the lynching due to the aggressive posture of the mob. The people were saying grab her! when someone pushed me into my car, she said in the statement. My chauffeur started the car and we got out of there. Police arrived almost three hours after the attack began, too late to save two of the three officers. Mena Ortega has been criticized for her lack of action after arriving on the scene earlier in the evening. (Francisco Gomez/El Universal El Universal 2007) If a man wants to open a store in a border town; with all the people that come though everyday it seems that they would be able to make a good living and have a nice life for a person in Mexico. But that assumption would be very wrong because the taxes that must be paid to the government are so high and what ever they have to pay to the mob to keep the store open leaves the owner with about nothing to bring home. I can’t even begin to count the number of immigration laws there are in Texas alone much less in all fifty states. It would seem that with all the laws passed and all the penalties that can be placed on illegal immigrants they would stay away, but they don’t. By way of introduction, immigration law violators are not immigrants . They are aliens who are in the United States in violation of law. There is a profound difference between individuals who legally apply for admission and fulfill all the requirements for admission, and those who decide to enter the United States, or intentionally overstay their visa in violation of law. Labeling such violators as intending immigrants only confuses the issue and juxtaposing these two categories is specious logic. A few of the important differences include criminal and health backgrounds of intending entrants. (The Illegal Alien Problem: Enforcing the immigration Laws George Weissinger, Ph. D. 2007) Illegal immigrants keep coming over the border by the truck loads, but why don’t they know about the harsh punishments that could be infected upon them? Of course they don’t because all the laws are never enforced. All they are doing is sitting somewhere collecting dust. The standard response to illegal immigration has been increased boarder enforcement. And, in fact, such tightening of the boarder was long overdue. But there has been almost no attention paid to enforcement at worksites within the United States. Nor has there been any recognition that the networks created by high levels of legal immigration contribute to mass illegal immigration. (Illegal Immigration 2007) Every now and then an alien will get deported back to their native country and in about two to six months they will be back and working again like nothing ever happened. People of America don’t want illegal immigrants to keep coming to their towns and taking jobs from other Americans, but they keep giving the jobs to them. Knowing it’s illegal knowing this person is taking the job from a citizen the person that hired them doesn’t want them in America. But yet when it comes down to it they don’t care just so long as it saves them a little bit of money. So if you ask me American citizens are the problem with the overflowing number of illegal immigrants coming to America. The people that don’t want to work are opening the door for the immigrants to start coming over the boarders, they hear of work and it draws them in. The people who want to work but can’t because it won’t support their family opens the door a little bit more. And the people that want to offer them jobs over a citizen and pay them enough to support their family just blows the doors right off the hinges and hangs and sign over it saying need all your money problems solved come to America we will take care of you and you family . Edwards Jr, James R. â€Å"Illegal Immigration.† Human Events 22 Oct. 2007. MAS Ultra School Edition. EBSCO. Diboll. 14 Nov. 2007 . Gross, Daniel. Dirty Work. 12 Jan. 2007. 12 Dec. 2007 . â€Å"Illegal Immigration.† Illergal Immigration. 2006. 26 Nov. 2007 . â€Å"The Impact of New Immigrants on Young Native-Born Workers, 2000-2005.† Center for Immigration Studies. 2006. 27 Nov. 2007 . Kouri, Jim. Illegal Alien Flourishing in America. 11 Dec. 2007 . â€Å"Over Past Four Years Immigrants† U.S. Border Control. 1 Nov. 2005. 12 Dec. 2007 . â€Å"Principal taxes in Mexico.† word to the wise. 11 Dec. 2007 . Stewart, Gail B. Illegal Immigrants. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1997. Weissinger, George Ph. D. â€Å"The Illegal Alien Problem.† Behavioral Science-Criminal Justice Program (Nov. 2003). 12 Dec. 2007 http://immigration-usa.org. Research Papers on Illegal Immigration - Current IssuesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyQuebec and CanadaHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West Meet

Proposal for Problem at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposal for Problem at Work - Essay Example One of its entrepreneurial ventures focused on health care considering the organization as the â€Å"market leader in cardiac care, acute care and home healthcare, energy efficient lighting solutions and new lighting applications, as well as lifestyle products for personal well-being and pleasure with strong leadership positions in flat TV, male shaving and grooming, portable entertainment and oral healthcare† (Philips: Company Profile, 2011, par. 2). To provide continued service to its wide range of clientele, the Philips Emergency Call Center was designed to respond to medical emergencies through a medical alert service and a medication dispensing service with the ultimate goal of giving peace of mind to consumers. Call center agents, called Lifeline Personal Response Associates, are available 24/7 to assist in responding to various medical assistance inquiries and provide appropriate interventions and support (Philips Lifeline Employment, 2011, par. 1). Statement of the pro blem Parallel to other organizations with diverse composition of personnel responding to various needs of clients, organizational problems normally ensue. At Philip Lifeline, the identified problems are as follows: (1) associates making mistakes in responding to calls due to any of the following factors: cell phone use (texting); noise level (associates being loud while taking a call; people having loud conversations; talking across the room); using work email; associates standing up when handling a call; and (2) associates rushing during calls due in response to increases in call volume to get bonus; to leave for scheduled breaks, and in a hurry to end the shift. Analysis From the problems identified, it could be deduced that the root causes of the dilemmas are interferences that affect productivity (use of cell phones while taking calls, noise levels, and improper work decorum). Further, rushing in responding to inquiries due to various reasons could also be a symptom for lack of motivation and rewards in the workplace. In addition, the inability of management to address infractions or violations to company policies (using cellphone, emails while taking calls) makes these problems persistent and unaddressed. Financial Analysis The financial condition of Philips Lifeline, as revealed in its official website contain information that indicate a decrease in net income during the first quarter of 2011 of EUR 63 million to amount to EUR 138 million, as compared to EUR 201 million in 2010. However, when sales by sector was reviewed, healthcare actually contributed to a 5% comparable growth rate from EUR 1,821 million in the first quarter of 2010 to EUR 1,971 million in the same time period for 2011 (Quarterly Report, 2011). This simply means that the healthcare services encompassing the performance of associates posted positive growth despite the identified problems. More importantly, if these problems are properly addressed, greater performance and productivity wo uld result to increase financial condition and success that would be reflected in positive financial growth and increased bottom line. Objections/Alternatives Given the problems identified and analyzed, as well as the information provided from the organization’s financial condition, the alternative courses of action that management could consider to address the problems are as follows: (1) review company policies and sanctions; (2) re-orient all employees on the organization’s code of discipline by communicating company policies

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc - Essay Example Myriads of complaints have been leveled against once Americas most admired companies. The sheer magnitude of these claims seems to tumble leading giant in retail outlet if not considered by the management. The claims range from one outlet to another and from one country to another. The frequency and prevalence of such claims amongst states and different outlets point out to some truth. Perhaps one of the most conspicuous claims about Wal-Mart is its low price strategy and its unintended consequence of forcing other retail outlets out of the market. Arguably, it 's hard to compete with Wal-Mart. Many outlets that operate close to Wal-Mart concur on that fact. It has been no surprise that whenever Wal-Mart opens an outlet in town, other local retail outlets are forced to close their business or relocate. The competition is intense and most businesses have cried out about Wal-Mart negative pricing on the market prices. As part of the sustainability agenda, Wal-Mart requires its supplier maintain a set standard of sustainability. The move intends to save the consumers and others stakeholders from the high-costs associated with packaging and shipping expenses. This has, however, not worked well the supplier with most of them closing the business and turning to other areas. For instance, an analysis done by Wal-Mart suppliers indicated that 80 % of its suppliers are located in China. The bargaining power of the largest multinational has forced them to move to other regions.

How to run a simulation company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

How to run a simulation company - Essay Example Fundamental areas within which marketing objectives may be theoretically defined include; Achieving marketing share growth or maintenance, the maintenance or important of profitability; establishing an opening market position and maximizing cash flow, harvesting. The most important marketing objective of starting a business is to achieve marketing share growth and be able to maintain it. Where the business is entering into a market where there are already established businesses, it is difficult to penetrate the market and worse to be the market leader. As such, the business should establish market strategies which will allow it to enter into the market and tactfully compete with other established companies without being ousted out of the market. Market expansion strategies should be aggressive and should include high levels of defense for the acquired market while expanding into the target market. The business objects to establish an opening market position by providing services and products which are highly perceived by the customers. This includes; identifying the departing point between the products of a company and other brands of the industry. The brands should not only be different but also be attractive and distinct from those of the rivals companies. The company should also determine the target market which they should be able to serve the best. This is done by analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. A market position is aided by conducting consumer analysis so as to identify what the consumer expect different what is being offered by the rival companies. Establishing a market position enables the business to survive despite stiff competition in the market. Simventure should object to increase their market share on the new products. The most effective way is providing high quality products at an affordable price which should be able to compete with the rival companies. Advertisement should also be used

How to successfully implement technological change using Essay

How to successfully implement technological change using sociotechnical principles lessons from case studies - Essay Example The whole electric-power industry felt the consequences" (Strategos, 2008). The problems that occurred at Babcock and Wilcox were attributed to quite a few different factors, namely technological difficulties. The company had built a plant at Mt. Vernon on the Ohio River and had pre-sold an entire year of pressure vessels. Before long, they noticed that every single one of the pressure vessels they were manufacturing was behind schedule (Strategos, 2008). Other problems abounded at the Mt. Vernon plant. Labor shortages, malfunctioning machines, rigid standards, and added expenses plagued the company, causing unprecedented delays to take place. Critics of the company's management team also say that corporate arrogance played a role, as had the choice for the location of the plant in the first place (in an area where labor was short and people were very difficult to train). A lot of money had to be spent in vain training workers that only 33% stayed behind after training to actually work for the company. In addition to being short on labor, the company was also short on skilled labor. The company also had equipment problems. These led to even further delays in getting the pressure vessels out (Strategos, 2008). Its customers were so frustrated by the delays that they began to take partially-manufactured units out of the Mt. Vernon plant and have the company's competitors finish them. The costs associated with these customers waiting any longer were just too high (Strategos, 2008). Kaizen Event for NC Machining According to the case study for this particular machining company "A Kaizen Event helped a jobbing-type machine shop implement workcells and set the stage for dramatic improvements in inventory, delivery, productivity, and quality." In this particular case, the results were that, "In the three months after cell startup, the pump assembly line was never once stopped or inconvenienced by a parts shortage from this cell. WIP inventory went from three months to three days. Productivity improved by about 50%. Capacity was released for increased production demand. Quality improved" (Strategos, 2008). Mechanical Control Cables This case study tells about an older organization that had grown to be very successful, but as has often been the case, met up with technological times and hit a roadblock. Their traditional way of doing things had led to too much overhead. After 2-3 consultants spent a great deal of time at the company and "taught, learned, experimented, and cajoled" (Strategos, 2008). According to the case study for this particular company, "In the end, five workcells were in place and a macro layout showed the locations of remaining cells. Training was well along and teams were developing. Supervisors were learning to deal with the cell environment. Mechtrol carried on this work in the years that followed" (Strategos, 2008). Compare & Contrast The last two cases are similar in structure, but are completely different from the first case. In the first case, major problems are causing unforgivable delays that rocked an entire industry. In the second and third cases, a few relatively minor adjustments in cell layout needed to be made in order to maximize speed, efficiency, productivity, and overall profitability. The decisions were also better thought out in the second and third cases, and the management teams took things impressively slower

Business-Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business-Supply Chain - Essay Example These are competitive times. While the petrochemicals sector may not be that much competitive, the electronics industry has a numerous players with similar product profile. Therefore, the company needs to focus its attention on the businesses in such a manner that both segments get due attention. In fact of late, due to the recessionary trends, the petrochemical business too has come under pressure and efficiency has become an important yardstick for survival in the industry. Therefore in order to be successful in the industry the company will have to resolve some of the issues, which appear to be not in line with the professional standards. Some such issues include; i. The Nebraska facility is not able to deliver quality products and services. David A Garvin (1984) suggests that there are 7 dimensions of quality which are performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability and aesthetics. But in case of Canbide couple of these dimensions require due attention. b. Customers, who need to pick up multiple products, are made to around the 2km by 1km facility, which leads to undue harassment of the customer and a bad image for the company. In addition when customer keep frequenting inside the production facility, this is bound to lead to further delays in the production schedule and meeting the targets. Hauser and Katz (1998) point out that mere investment in new technology doesn’t guarantee success. Such an investment need to be matched with value creation for the stakeholders for survival and success. In this case, the stakeholders like customers and employees are not in best position to feel comfortable with the arrangement being made within the company premises. v. The copier rehab facility near Charleston, SC receives "trade-in" copiers from distributors across the country and restores them to "good as new" condition.

How to successfully implement technological change using Essay

How to successfully implement technological change using sociotechnical principles lessons from case studies - Essay Example The whole electric-power industry felt the consequences" (Strategos, 2008). The problems that occurred at Babcock and Wilcox were attributed to quite a few different factors, namely technological difficulties. The company had built a plant at Mt. Vernon on the Ohio River and had pre-sold an entire year of pressure vessels. Before long, they noticed that every single one of the pressure vessels they were manufacturing was behind schedule (Strategos, 2008). Other problems abounded at the Mt. Vernon plant. Labor shortages, malfunctioning machines, rigid standards, and added expenses plagued the company, causing unprecedented delays to take place. Critics of the company's management team also say that corporate arrogance played a role, as had the choice for the location of the plant in the first place (in an area where labor was short and people were very difficult to train). A lot of money had to be spent in vain training workers that only 33% stayed behind after training to actually work for the company. In addition to being short on labor, the company was also short on skilled labor. The company also had equipment problems. These led to even further delays in getting the pressure vessels out (Strategos, 2008). Its customers were so frustrated by the delays that they began to take partially-manufactured units out of the Mt. Vernon plant and have the company's competitors finish them. The costs associated with these customers waiting any longer were just too high (Strategos, 2008). Kaizen Event for NC Machining According to the case study for this particular machining company "A Kaizen Event helped a jobbing-type machine shop implement workcells and set the stage for dramatic improvements in inventory, delivery, productivity, and quality." In this particular case, the results were that, "In the three months after cell startup, the pump assembly line was never once stopped or inconvenienced by a parts shortage from this cell. WIP inventory went from three months to three days. Productivity improved by about 50%. Capacity was released for increased production demand. Quality improved" (Strategos, 2008). Mechanical Control Cables This case study tells about an older organization that had grown to be very successful, but as has often been the case, met up with technological times and hit a roadblock. Their traditional way of doing things had led to too much overhead. After 2-3 consultants spent a great deal of time at the company and "taught, learned, experimented, and cajoled" (Strategos, 2008). According to the case study for this particular company, "In the end, five workcells were in place and a macro layout showed the locations of remaining cells. Training was well along and teams were developing. Supervisors were learning to deal with the cell environment. Mechtrol carried on this work in the years that followed" (Strategos, 2008). Compare & Contrast The last two cases are similar in structure, but are completely different from the first case. In the first case, major problems are causing unforgivable delays that rocked an entire industry. In the second and third cases, a few relatively minor adjustments in cell layout needed to be made in order to maximize speed, efficiency, productivity, and overall profitability. The decisions were also better thought out in the second and third cases, and the management teams took things impressively slower

The food industry in the United State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The food industry in the United State - Essay Example Moreover, the rest of the world has already recognized the need to put labels on all products that contain genetically modified organisms and implemented the corresponding legislations. Subsequently, there is a sufficient ground to consider the lack of GMO labels as a serious problem of the modern food industry that demands immediate and effective solutions to preserve safety and rights of the general population. To start with, the issue of GMO labelling should be viewed as a national concern since it touches upon all Americans rather than some particular group. For instance, since the massive production of GMO foods was launched in 90s, they gradually took the great share of the market and, today, constitute the prevailing majority of all the available products. Namely, near 70 percent of all processed food that are sold on the territory of the United States contain genetically engineered ingredients as well as the majority of the crops sold throughout the country are genetically modified. (Dahl 359-361) According to Louise Chu, more than â€Å"88 percent of all corn and 94 percent of soybeans† are genetically modified. (Chu) It follows that people are left without any option apart from consuming products remaining unaware of what they are actually paying for. Subsequently, it seems irrelevant that people are not given the opportunity to learn about the genetically engineered ingredi ents that were added to the product together with all the rest information put on a label. As a result, it is possible to regard the absence of GMO labelling laws as a direct violation of people’s rights to know what they are buying and consuming. Moreover, the seriousness of the discussed problem is reinforced by the fact that GMO products are potentially harmful for the health of people. Firstly, the overall range of possible effects

Van Helsing Dramatic Monologue Essay Example for Free

Van Helsing Dramatic Monologue Essay From the very moment I entered into this dreadful business, I have never felt such a pure rush of despair and anguish as I feel now. Not when the poor dear Miss Lucy passed away and became one of his, Draculas, fiends, did I feel that all luck had deserted us. All that we have done so far in our efforts to protect Madam Mina has been but a useless attempt to save her soul. I shall never forget what has happened. It is as if the very image of that that vile creature bending over our dearest lady has scorched my eyes and left its repulsive mark. I cannot help but think we could have done more. I know the others are looking to me for an answer, a plan and I feel their hopes resting heavily on my shoulders. I must not crack or back down I am far too deep in this now. When we barged down the door together last night I think we all knew, in our heart of hearts, what we were about to behold. I fell into the dear Ladys room on my hands and knees, after bursting through the doorway. My heart failed once more when I saw the man no, the fiend! with poor Jonathons wife in his cold hands! How I felt the rage rise up inside of me at the sight of that monster holding Mrs. Harker, her night dress torn and bloody, her face and mouth dirtied with his unclean blood! The vile scar on his forehead sent shivers through all of us, for then we knew it was truly him, the count, and then he turned and gave us such a devilish glare, sharp white teeth stained by our dear Minas own blood! I can only thank the Lord that we were armed with our sacred emblems, or the damage done last night could have been far worse.

Existential Humanistic And Career Development Psychology Essay

Existential Humanistic And Career Development Psychology Essay This essay will review and analyze person-centered and existential approaches and career development theories of John L. Holland and John D. Krumboltz and catalogue the significant understanding of theoretical dynamics and application of techniques/strategies during counselling relationship. The common thread that runs through the existential-humanistic theories and career counselling theories works on unifying theme of understanding human existence, career concerns and experiential approaches to counselling. Practice by counsellors in these disciplines have an eclectic or integrated approach to develop their own core metatheory (Neukrug, 2011). While reviewing both Existential approach and person-centered approach and exploring variety of understandings on counselling process and client relationships, both approaches both share similar efficacy orientation in multicultural context. Person-centered founded by Carl Rogers and existential theory developed by Victor Frankl are applied across diverse settings, from individual to group counselling (Corey, 2013). The field of career counselling has evolved to a holistic career/life path approach. Theories of career development support career concerns through series of interventions help understand; job selection, broaden horizons, improved life-style, work-life balance and implementation of decisions in career dealing with entire life span of the individual(Amundson, Harris-Bowlsbey, Niles, 2009). Introduction In the 1960s and 1970s there was a growing awareness among therapist towards other approaches like existential and person-centered for counselling practice apart from psychodynamic and behavioral approaches. Both approaches brought in perspective of human philosophy and human experience to deal with crisis and traumas in life more successfully (Corey2013). Corey (2013) stated that Existential therapy can be best described as a philosophical approach that influences a counsellors therapeutic practice (p. 127). The therapy indicates that people are independent and are capable of finding a meaning to their life when faced with tragic situations. It also suggests new ways and alternatives to face problems and take decisions to evolve holistically. Moreover, people have the power and freedom to take conscious decisions in directing their life (Van, 2002). As stated by Corey (2013) Quiet Revolutionist (p.159). References to his earlier writings reflect under the heading of client-centered approach which later evolved to person-centered therapy. Rogerss therapy on human nature was an alternate to psychoanalytical therapy. Counsellors preferred Rogerss therapy as it did not involve extensive psychological training for counsellors to practice. Rogers work is regarded as the changing force in channelizing current counselling therapies (Welfel Patterson, 2005). Validated Research Frankl was one of the contemporary therapists who contributed to the development of existential school of therapy. As mentioned by Neukrug (2011) in 1930, Frankl framework of his theory was reproduced in his book Mans Search for Meaning a best seller translated into many languages (Neukrug, 2011). Existential family trauma therapy (EFTT) is based on an orientation to help people who have undergone traumatic experiences in their life. EFTT approach was most effective with Vietnam families living under symptoms of post -traumatic war stress for last 30 years, useful with couples and families facing serious medical problems such as heart disease, respiratory disease, cancer, diabetes, families who have faced migration disturbances in a new country, families to overcome death of a family member and with families who have been subjected to physical or mental abuse or rape. The therapeutic sessions have proved to be very successful in the past and continue to be effective in todays scenari o (Lantz Gyamerah, 2002). In 1942, Rogers wrote a book on Counselling and Psychotherapy on non-directive approach in therapy (Neukrug, 2011). From 1945 he worked in University of Chicago and established a counselling center. In the center Rogers practiced group counselling therapies with people who had returned from World War II using non-directive approach to express their innermost fears and experiences. After the sessions people in the group had a deeper understanding of their inner self and were able to bring positive changes in their lifestyle thus resulting in popularity of these group encounters in the 1960s and 1970s. Rogers was the first psychotherapist to use the word client instead of patient (Neukrug, 2011). In the 1960s Rogers and his colleagues counselled clients who were hospitalized schizophrenics in the University of Wisconsin. Person-centered approach has been applied extensively across diverse cultures, groups, families, individuals facing situations like (alcoholism, agoraphobia, depressio n, cancer, and personality disorders), crisis intervention (unwanted pregnancy), people in the helping profession (nurses, doctors, teachers) leaving clients fully accepted and valued (Corey, 2013). Underlying Theoretical Approach Existential and person- center approaches have parallel phenomenological (experience of human nature) orientation towards experiential counselling (Corey, 2013). Both approaches believe that an individuals life is infringed with boundaries of weakness, strengths, limitations and opportunities created by the environment. The client being the focal point explores and goes along on a self-discovery inward to evaluate the value and meaning to live. Largely the theories construction empowers the clients to assume responsibility of their actions, choices and direction. However, the two schools approach therapeutic relationship through different theories (Neukrug, 2011). According to Rogers client has the liberty to develop freely without being directed, this faith in human nature is considered as a humanistic approach to counselling (Welfel Patterson, 2005). Individuals can be trusted to choose the right direction, they are self directed and can solve their own problems(Henderson Thompson, 2011). Person-centered focuses on two primary needs of a client. The first is need for self-actualization and second is to be loved and valued by others (McLeod, 1998). Rogers believed that a client has remarkable capacity within to self-determine the choices for self-healing and personal growth eventually leading to self-actualization with a focus on the recent experience. Self-theory in person-centered is the belief that the persons perception of looking at self from others point of view is reality example when the person feels inferior and incompetent, will act on that belief and even though others view the person as competent and confident. This state of per sonal reality/incongruence can be changed through counselling (McLeod, 1998). Existential theory revolves around the disturbing inevitable life experiences and wiliness of the client to explore self by facing the reality and realign to create a meaningful and purposeful existence (Van, 2002) . The objective of the approach is to enable client to assume personal responsibility to rediscover their values, beliefs, and purpose in life to make authentic self directed choices of how to live example a client is suffering from cancer and has three months to live (Van, 2002). The central theme of existential therapy is based on client responsibility and freedom to recreate a meaning to their life for example a client has acrophobia and is always dreaming that somebody will kill him, leading to lack of confidence. It is up to the client to remove the confusion from his life by reflecting on self- attitude towards others (Van, 2002). Counselling Process and Client Relationship Counselling is a journey, the role of counsellor is to provide a nurturing environment that would permit and encourage clients for a personal growth. The existential and person-centred approaches have similar orientations towards client and counsellor relationship. The underlying philosophy of both approaches requires the counsellor to dive into the clients world and provide on non-judgemental, caring, safe and supportive environment (Corey, 2013). As stated by Corey (2013) existential counsellor paves a way for the client to overpower slavery of inner conflicts to state of therapeutic awakening. Situational conflicts which are clients primary concern like meaning to life, thoughts, beliefs, suffer losses, friends die, relationships end, isolation, anxiety or blaming others for their conflicts. The counsellor assists the client in this process of uncertainty by reflecting on different tangents which were not looked at earlier by the client. (Van, 2002) . In person-centered counselling relationship is given highest importance. Client is reassured looking at the attitude and beliefs of the counsellor during therapy and moves forward for a personality change (Bozarth et al., 2002 as cited by Corey, 2013, p.166). Person-centered therapy training underpins three qualities of counsellor congruence, positive regard, and empathy which enable the client to feel accepted. This leads to a secure and caring relationship allowing the client to open up and divulge deep into their rigidities and non genuine lifestyle (Corey, 2013). Diversity Perspective Person-centered and existential therapies have a major impact on with diverse culture groups. They both have worked with diverse groups and with different ethnic backgrounds. They share similar views of not imposing their beliefs or values on the client, instead help in connecting to secular values and issues related to racialism (Corey, 2013). Person-centered and Existential in Todays World Carl Rogers was the first psychologist to receive American Psychological Association award. In the last thirty year there have two new offshoots based on person-centered approach called focusing and process-experiential which are based on similar approach as person-centered approach of Carl Rogers. There are about 200 professional organizations and training centers in the world which are working on application of Carl Rogerss theory example Association for the Development of the Person-Centered Approach in the United States, in Europe Gesellschaft fur Wissenschaftliche Gesprachspsychotherapie in Germany (Kirschenbaum Jourdan, 2005). From January 1, 1987 to September 6, 2004, 141 books, 174 book chapters and 462 journal articles have been published on Carl Rogerss person-centered approach. The International Society for existential Psychotherapy and counselling in London develops programmes for existing existential counsellors, The New School of Psychotherapy and Counselling is set up and also offers distance learning course in existential counselling. There has been an increase in the number of training institutes for counsellors considering existential therapy (Corey, 2013). Existential practicing counsellors have increased over the past 20 year and case studies have proved the efficacy of the approach. (McLeod, 1998). Existential approach has been beneficial for people who are facing mid-life crisis worrying about approaching old age. The therapy helps them to overcome fear of death and diseases in old age (Becker, 2006). Existential therapy is widely accepted and applied with anxious and depressed adolescents who have concerns like identity issues, isolation, scared of entering adulthood, leading aimless life. It has been noted that there has been a steady increase in the number of adolescents experiencing existential therapy (Shumaker, 2012). Limitations for Therapist Existential therapist lack clear guideline for practice and therapist find practicing therapy at times unclear, especially who do not have a philosophical mind frame. Existential theory has no techniques and there are situations when therapist needs to borrow techniques from other schools to have evidence based practice and be able to evaluate therapy outcomes and effectiveness. The most important limitation in existential counselling is the therapist needs to be mentally healthy otherwise the therapist can undergo emotional drain while practicing existential therapy (Corey, 2013). Person-centered counselling has its limitations; there are no intervention strategies and techniques leading to unaccountability of therapist with no evidence of effective therapy. Person-centered therapy is a non-directed therapy and there are times therapists are not satisfied with clients decisions. The therapist also feel incapacitated when they are not able to express their viewpoint after listening to the client to make the therapy more effective (Corey, 2013). Synergy of Career Counselling and Counselling Career counselling for career development is useful in helping people to get the right job. Career development plays an important role in guiding and acquainting people to the change in the environment. Individuals who satisfied in their career work towards a goal, their job traits matching their personality and they make choices out of their experiences to create a better future (Amundson et al., 2009). Existential therapy has benefited mid-life career decision, helped clients to re-evaluate their career satisfaction with meaningful existence (Cohen, 2003). John Holland based his career counselling on finding the right blend between a persons personality and work environment, closer the match greater the satisfaction in career (Isaacson Brown, 2000).According to Holland success and personal consistency is inevitable when there is congruency between individual and the career with a right blend of personality and job. (Andersen, 2006). John Krumboltz theory is based on individuals learning of new skills through their experiences. According to Krumboltz people are born with genetic distinctiveness such as race, genders, physique. People build their observation and task skills when they come in contact with the environment, while undergoing social and cultural change. Career counselling based on this theory helps an individual to learn from their experiences and move on to make choices to achieve success (Amundson et al., 2009). Career development counselling approaches of Holland and Krumboltz and existential -humanistic counselling approaches synergize very well with each other. All of these approaches guide the client to overcome their dilemmas in life or career. Person-centered approach works well with individuals who are confused about their future career directions and need interpersonal adjustments in career or are facing developmental or personal growth issues. Existential approach is appropriate for encouraging individuals to examine the process of decision making between present and future actions empowering them to make career choices based on their judgments (Dahir Stone, 2011). Conclusion Approaches have been discussed in detail; they are under one umbrella called existential-humanistic approach focusing on human experience and authentic therapeutic relationship. Existential and person-centered theories are in congruence with my strong belief in the positive nature of all human beings. After reviewing both theories in detail, would like to synergize both the theories and unify them into my own core theory without diluting the theoretical commitments. In my opinion existential and person-centered have similar viewpoints and they both rely on experiential therapy for clients when in crisis or paradox in their current life situations (Van, 2002). They share an underlying assumption that clients are trustworthy and they have the freedom to make congruent choices to lead a meaningful life. They have a common emphasis on quality relationship between client and the counsellor and techniques have no role to play in the therapeutic environment (Corey, 2013). While working on the piece, also came to a conclusion that career counselling theories of Holland and Kramboltz can be integrated with counselling theories. I personally feel counsellors can have an eclectic approach and choose theories and their techniques in situations accordingly (Amundson et al., 2009).

Sex and Relationship Education (SRE) Essays -- human sexuality and sex

Sex and relationship education (SRE) is supporting children through their moral, physical and psychological aspects of growing up to be an adult, and making sure they have knowledge on relationships, sex, human sexuality and sexual health (Sex Education Forum, 2010). There are three main elements in SRE, the first element is attitudes and values, which is about developing positive values and be able to consider moral issues before they make their decisions on having intercourse (Kirby, 2007). The second element is personal and social skills, which is about teaching children to have the confidence to value themselves and others to become respectful for individual conscience and the skills to judge the kind of relationship they want; the third element is about accessing the knowledge and understanding of human sexuality, reproduction, sexual health, emotions and relationships (Kirby, 2007). The potential effect of SRE should be seen in these three areas, which includes reduction in tee nager pregnancy, and the chances of getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and being sexually assault, etc. As SRE can either be given at home to the child by parents, in school by teachers, or in youth organizations, alternative educational institutions, or youth offending organizations by Shine staffs or trained peer educators and volunteers (Levy 1992). This essay is mainly going to focus on the teacher-led SRE given in school and discuss whether it is beneficial or not, with the support of the positive outcome of children having SRE in relation of STDs, pregnancy and peer violence, and also the actual fact of SRE being not useful, supported with the data of teenagers not receiving the knowledge they should have been taught in SRE, and high te... ...ax S(1997) Impact of HIV and Sexual Health Education on the Sexual Behaviour of Young People: a Review Update Godson, S. (2001) Boys+sex–education=crisis. Available online at: http://educationguardian.co.uk/Print/0.3858.4311559.00.html (accessed 4 December 2001). Holland, J., Ramazanoglu, C., Sharpe, S. & Thomson, R. (1998) The male in the head—young people, heterosexuality and power ,London, The Tufnell Press Kirby D. (2001) Emerging Answers: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2001. Kohler et al. (2008)â€Å"Abstinence-only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy.† Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4): 344-351. Kirby D. (2007) â€Å"Sex and HIV Programs: Their Impact on Sexual Behaviors of Young People Throughout the World.† Journal of Adol Sex and Relationship Education (SRE) Essays -- human sexuality and sex Sex and relationship education (SRE) is supporting children through their moral, physical and psychological aspects of growing up to be an adult, and making sure they have knowledge on relationships, sex, human sexuality and sexual health (Sex Education Forum, 2010). There are three main elements in SRE, the first element is attitudes and values, which is about developing positive values and be able to consider moral issues before they make their decisions on having intercourse (Kirby, 2007). The second element is personal and social skills, which is about teaching children to have the confidence to value themselves and others to become respectful for individual conscience and the skills to judge the kind of relationship they want; the third element is about accessing the knowledge and understanding of human sexuality, reproduction, sexual health, emotions and relationships (Kirby, 2007). The potential effect of SRE should be seen in these three areas, which includes reduction in tee nager pregnancy, and the chances of getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and being sexually assault, etc. As SRE can either be given at home to the child by parents, in school by teachers, or in youth organizations, alternative educational institutions, or youth offending organizations by Shine staffs or trained peer educators and volunteers (Levy 1992). This essay is mainly going to focus on the teacher-led SRE given in school and discuss whether it is beneficial or not, with the support of the positive outcome of children having SRE in relation of STDs, pregnancy and peer violence, and also the actual fact of SRE being not useful, supported with the data of teenagers not receiving the knowledge they should have been taught in SRE, and high te... ...ax S(1997) Impact of HIV and Sexual Health Education on the Sexual Behaviour of Young People: a Review Update Godson, S. (2001) Boys+sex–education=crisis. Available online at: http://educationguardian.co.uk/Print/0.3858.4311559.00.html (accessed 4 December 2001). Holland, J., Ramazanoglu, C., Sharpe, S. & Thomson, R. (1998) The male in the head—young people, heterosexuality and power ,London, The Tufnell Press Kirby D. (2001) Emerging Answers: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2001. Kohler et al. (2008)â€Å"Abstinence-only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy.† Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4): 344-351. Kirby D. (2007) â€Å"Sex and HIV Programs: Their Impact on Sexual Behaviors of Young People Throughout the World.† Journal of Adol